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CLASS 29,	METAL WORKING
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SECTION I - CLASS DEFINITION

This is the generic class of metal working or shaping. It comprises processes, tools, machines, and apparatus not classifiable in the specific classes relating to the manufacture of articles from metal. It also includes means which comprise a plurality of operations which separately might be classified in the specific classes, but which by their joinder include more than is covered by the definitions of such specific classes.

This class has been made the generic class for the following subject matter, regardless of the composition of the blank, stock material, or article recited or worked upon: (a) process of electric condenser making; (b) a burnishing process; (c) a process of manufacture; (d) apparatus used to assemble or disassemble. See Subclass References to the Current Class, below, for specific subclass references.

SECTION II - NOTES TO THE CLASS DEFINITION

SECTION III - SUBCLASS REFERENCES TO THE CURRENT CLASS

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

SECTION IV - REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

SECTION V - GLOSSARY

ASSEMBLING

The physical act of or means for juxtaposing, associating, integrating, joining and/or putting together, with or without securing, of machines, devices, and things (articles).

BARRIER LAYER DEVICE

An electrical component consisting of two conductors placed either in contact with each other or separated by an interface layer to which contacts or terminals have been secured, which component has a nonlinear resistance characteristic, as a result of the electrical action of the interface between the two conductors rather than from the characteristic of the conductors.

DEFORMING

The physical act of or means for shaping without any substantial removal of material. This term includes forging, rolling, densifying, extruding, drawing and stretching.

DISASSEMBLY

The physical act of or means for dissociating, disengaging, and/or taking apart of machines, devices, and things (articles).

MACHINING

The physical act of or means for shaping by removing material by means of a cutting edge. This term includes milling, cutting, turning, boring, drilling, abrading, broaching, filing, sawing, punching, blanking, and planing.

MANUFACTURING

The physical act of or means for creating, constructing, fabricating, machining, working, shaping, assembling, disassembling, and repairing of machines, devices, and things (articles).

REPAIR

The physical act of or means for restoring inoperative machines, apparatus, static structures, and things (articles) when the operational limits of tolerance have become exceeded by wear, imperfections, destructive oxidation, electrolysis, or failure by (1) reshaping parts, (2) substituting a part and/or adding supplemental or additional parts or material, and/or (3) taking away sections of worn, torn, broken, distorted, eroded or otherwise unusable parts or material, and mending them by adding supplemental or additional parts or material.

SHAPING

The physical act of or means for permanently altering the form, configuration, dimensions, proportions, or contour of a part or stock, either with or without the removal of material. This term includes deforming, compacting, densifying, slitting, machining, and briquetting.

SLITTING

The physical act of or means for shaping solely by incising or severing the part or stock to form a partial separation along a plane or surface through the part or stock. When this separation is done by a true shearing operation, there is no material removed.

SUBCLASSES

2	BATTERY-GRID MAKING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for making a metallic "grid" for an electric battery. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 623.2, for a process of making a battery cell. 730, for apparatus peculiar to assembling a storage cell or battery. 763, for apparatus peculiar to disassembling a storage cell or battery. 897.15, for the method of making a grille. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 141,  Fluent Material Handling, With Receiver or Receiver Coacting Means,   subclasses 32+ for battery grid paste applying means. 249,  Static Molds,   subclass 60 for molding apparatus for forming a grid or lattice-type product. 429,  Chemistry: Electrical Current Producing Apparatus, Product, and Process,   subclasses 233+ for battery grids and related structure.

2.1	BIAS (I.E., HELICALLY) CUTTING OF TUBULAR STOCK:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for severing hollow work of generally circular or oval cross section by moving work and tool relative to each other so as to describe a helical line of severance along the surface of the hollow work. (1) Note. Included in this and indented subclasses is the bias cutting of "article-like" work where there is no "supply". SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 30,  Cutlery,   for a manually supported cutting implement. 33,  Geometrical Instruments,   subclasses 21.1+ for means to scribe, score, or scratch lines on curved surfaces. 69,  Leather Manufactures,   subclasses 9+ for skiving or splitting of leather. 82,  Turning,   subclass 47 for a process under that class definition of cutting hollow work while effecting relative rotary movement about an axis passing through the work and subclass 82 for the corresponding apparatus. 83,  Cutting,   especially subclass 54 for a process of cutting a hollow workpiece, generally, subclasses 178+ for cutting apparatus including a tool inside hollow work and subclasses 401+ for means to move work relative to tool station. 142,  Wood Turning,   subclasses 23 through 35for spiral groove wood turning. 144,  Woodworking,   subclasses 209.1+ for a veneering lathe. 242,  Winding, Tensioning, or Guiding,   for a device for winding the product of this subclass. Note that the combination of such a cutting means with a product winding means is to be found in Class 29, subclasses 2.1+ . 269,  Work Holders,   especially subclasses 47+ for means to support work while performing a bias cutting operation. The combination of such support means with means to sever being classified in Class 29. 408,  Cutting by Use of Rotating Axially Moving Tool,   for cutting tubular work by a tool that turns about an axis and moves along that axis but has no additional motion during operation. 409,  Gear Cutting, Milling, or Planing,   subclasses 65+ for a machine for generating a thread (or helix) by relative cutter and blank movements. 451,  Abrading,   subclass 48 for a process of grinding a drill, thread, reamer, or hob. 470,  Threaded, Headed Fastener, or Washer Making: Process and Apparatus,   appropriate subclasses for thread cutting by means of a chasing cutter, other than as provided for in Class 408.

2.11	Including orbital cutter:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 2.1.  Apparatus including a cutting means moving, bodily, in a predetermined path about the longitudinal axis or extent of work.

2.12	Within stock support:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 2.11.  Apparatus wherein the cutter orbits about a path internally of the work.

2.13	With orbiting strip accumulator:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 2.11.  Apparatus provided with means to handle the cut work, which means also follows a predetermined path about the longitudinal axis or extent of the work. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 2.1+, for the combination of such a cutting means with a product winding means. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 242,  Winding, Tensioning, or Guiding,   for a device for winding the product of this subclass (2.13). Note that the combination of such a cutting means with a product winding means is to be found elsewhere in Class 29.

2.14	Including means to inflate stock:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 2.1.  Apparatus including means to inject gas under pressure into the work to cause the work to assume a tubular or hollow shape for passing onto a work support or mandrel.

2.15	With means to feed stock along support or mandrel:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 2.1.  Apparatus including means to engage a portion of work being internally supported to effect movement or shift of said portion with respect to cutting means. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 414,  Material or Article Handling,   for feeding a workpiece, generally, and see the search notes therein for other loci of work feeding.

2.16	Single means produces compound motion:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 2.15.  Apparatus including utilization of a unitary mechanism to effect a compound rotary and axial work movement. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 414,  Material or Article Handling,   subclasses 431+ for apparatus for advancing and rotating an elongated article by means adapted to engage the article between its ends.

2.17	Endless belt drive means:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 2.16.  Apparatus wherein the unitary mechanism is a driven closed loop engaging the work and causing the work to move. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 226,  Advancing Material of Indeterminate Length,   subclasses 170+ for endless belt means for advancing material. 474,  Endless Belt Power Transmission Systems or Components,   subclasses 202+ and 237+ for an endless drive belt, generally.

2.18	Axially:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 2.15.  Apparatus including means to effect work movement or shift parallel to the extent of the work supporting means.

2.19	Rotatably:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 2.15.  Apparatus including means to effect work movement or shift in a circular or oval path which path lies in a plane transverse to the extent of the work support or mandrel.

2.2	With means to rotate and store stock supply:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 2.1.  Apparatus including means, other than the work being fed to support and cause a rotation of work accumulated thereon, from which the work is moved onto a work support or mandrel.

2.21	Axis of rotation parallel to support or mandrel:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 2.2.  Apparatus wherein the supply is rotated in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal extent of the mandrel.

2.22	With means for arcuate shift of mandrel:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 2.1.  Apparatus including means to pivot the mandrel in a plane parallel to the extent of said mandrel.

2.23	Including means to handle produced strip or web:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 2.1.  Apparatus including means to feed or convey the product subsequent to action of the severing means.

2.24	With common adjustment for cutter:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 2.23.  Process or apparatus including means to vary the position of both cutting means and cut-product handling means as an entity.

2.25	Method:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 2.1.  Process.

3	BUCKLE MAKING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for making a part of a buckle or for assembling that part with another part in the manufacture of a buckle. (1) Note. This subclass includes the manufacture of a buckle from a rod, wire, plate, or sheet of metal. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 417, for a process of manufacture including obtaining plural pieces from a unitary piece by dividing the piece from its leading edge. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 24,  Buckles, Buttons, Clasps, etc.,   especially subclasses 163+ for the product of this subclass. 226,  Advancing Material of Indeterminate Length,   for a method of or apparatus for feeding material without utilizing both the leading and trailing ends to effect movement of the material.

4	BUTTON-FASTENER MAKING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for making a metallic device for securing a button having a shank provided with an eye, e.g., a shoe button, etc. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 432+, for a process of assembling with punching, piercing, or reaming a part by engagement with a second part. 512, for a process of assembling with joining by deforming comprising flaring a tube end inserted in the opening of another workpiece. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 227,  Elongated-Member-Driving Apparatus,   subclass 33 for combined apparatus for juxtaposing a button with the bight of a workpiece and driving a member through the bight, i.e., through the eye of the button and into a fold of the workpiece.

4.51	SHREDDING METAL OR METAL WOOL ARTICLE MAKING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus , not elsewhere classified, (1) for reducing metal to shreds by cutting operations or (2) for producing an article of manufacture from metal wool. (1) Note. Metal wool is defined as metal filaments or threads matted into a densely felted mass. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 82,  Turning,   subclass 1.11 for a process of turning, including cutting shavings from a rotating workpiece. 140,  Wireworking,   subclasses 71+ for a machine or process for making an article from wire within the class definition. 144,  Woodworking,   subclasses 185+ for slivering wood as for excelsior making. 148,  Metal Treatment,   subclasses 11.5+ for a method of metal working and heat treatment within the class definition. 241,  Solid Material Comminution or Disintegration,   for a process or apparatus for reducing metal to smaller particles without imparting a shape thereto. See Class 241, section (4), of the main class definition. 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   subclasses 5+ for a process of forming a particulate material directly from molten or liquid mass other than glass, e.g., liquid comminuting. 419,  Powder Metallurgy Processes,   for a method of forming an article by uniting randomly associated metal particles. 425,  Plastic Article or Earthenware Shaping or Treating: Apparatus,   subclasses 6+ for apparatus for making particulate material directly from molten material. 428,  Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,   subclass 605 for metallic stock in the form of a mass of fibers and subclass 684 for composite metallic stock in which an iron-base component is next to a steel component.

4.52	Metal wool making:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 4.51.  Process or apparatus for producing metal wool. (1) Note. Metal wool is defined as metal filaments or threads matted into a densely felted mass.

4.53	Shaving or longitudinal cutting:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 4.52.  Process or apparatus wherein the metal wool is produced by severing or slicing off thin layers substantially along the long axis of a metal workpiece. (1) Note. Metal wool is defined as metal filaments or threads matted into a densely felted mass. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 83,  Cutting,   subclasses 861+ for cutting other than completely through work within the class definition. Also see cross-section art collection subclass 906 for chip making.

4.54	Soap-pad making:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 4.53.  Process or apparatus whereby the produced metal wool is further processed to form a matted mass containing soap which mass is generally used for cleaning purposes. (1) Note. See search note under subclass 4.55. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 4.56, for a process or apparatus for bundling metal wool to produce a soap pad. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 15,  Brushing, Scrubbing, and General Cleaning,   subclasses 104.9+ for a cleaning tool (e.g., a pad) coated or impregnated with material supply. 118,  Coating Apparatus,   subclasses 35+ for a coating machine having means to cut the work and subclass 44 for coating machine having means to deform work.

4.55	Metal wool bundling:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 4.51.  Process or apparatus wherein metal wool is shaped into a longer mass generally to produce an article of manufacture. (1) Note. Metal wool is defined as metal filaments or threads matted into a densely felted mass. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   for a method or apparatus for deforming a self-shape-sustaining metal workpiece within the class definition.

4.56	Soap-pad making:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 4.55.  Process or apparatus wherein the metal wool bundle is further processed to form a matted mass containing soap which mass is generally used for cleaning purposes. (1) Note. See search notes under subclass 4.54. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 4.54, for process or apparatus for making metal wool by a cutting technique and further producing a soap pad therefrom.

4.6	CORD-HEDDLE MAKING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for fabricating a thread guide of a loom"s shed forming mechanism from strand-like textile material. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   for an operation of that class used in making a textile guide, such as a cord heddle. 139,  Textiles: Weaving,   and especially subclasses 93+ for a loom employing a heddle, or for a heddle, per se. 140,  Wireworking,   subclass 72 for the making of a wire heddle or heddle eye. 163,  Needle and Pin Making,   for making a needle eye which will serve as a guide to a textile strand.

5	COTTER-PIN MAKING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for forming a split key not provided for elsewhere. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 13, for a process of or apparatus for making a paper-fastener. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 59,  Chain, Staple, and Horseshoe Making,   subclasses 71+ . 72,  Metal Deforming,   for bending, or bending and cutting, without an additional operation not provided for in that class. 140,  Wireworking,   subclasses 82 and 87 for wire clip and hairpin making. 226,  Advancing Material of Indeterminate Length,   for a process of or apparatus for feeding material without utilizing both the leading and trailing ends to effect movement of material.

6.01	CRANKSHAFT MAKING APPARATUS:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Means for bending, forging, or otherwise manufacturing or treating an axial member which has at least one portion thereof adapted for applying torque thereto for changing reciprocating motion into circular motion or vice versa. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 888.08, for a process of making or treating a crankshaft. 888.1, for a process of making or treating a camshaft. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   subclasses 298+ for a process or apparatus of twisting a crankshaft beyond its elastic limit.

6.1	EXPANDED METAL MAKING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus, not elsewhere classified, for forming apertures in sheet material and thereafter deforming the apertured portion of the sheet to (1) increase the area of, or change the shape of, the aperture and (2) increase the length or width of the sheet. (1) Note. Apertures may be formed by cutting, punching, casting, drilling, milling, grinding, etc. (2) Note. Deforming may include, for example, bending, corrugating, forging, rolling, or drawing. (3) Note. Included herein is expanding of sheet material by simultaneously perforating and deforming the sheet. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 896.6+, for a process of making multiple perforations in a metallic sheet, tube, etc. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   for shaping metal, other than expanded metal making, especially subclasses 185+ for cutting and deforming by a "flying" tool and subclasses 203+ for cutting and rolling. 83,  Cutting,   for cutting operatures in a sheet preliminary to expanded metal making. 228,  Metal Fusion Bonding,   subclass 157 for bonding of multiple parts at spaced offset points into a single member and shaping the member to move the parts apart at the nonbonded areas. 428,  Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,   subclasses 596+ for metallic stock having an aperture or cut.

6.2	By use of reciprocating perforator:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 6.1.  Process or apparatus including a tool which travels back and forth in a straight line to form the aperture. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 83,  Cutting,   subclasses 613+ for a cutting machine having a cutter having simple rectilinear reciprocating motion only and subclass 697 for a cutting machine having a reciprocating tool.

7	EYEBOLT OR HOOK MAKING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for making an eyebolt or a hook comprising more than bending with incidental cutting. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   for bending a rod into the form of a hook or an eyebolt with incidental cutting. 470,  Threaded, Headed Fastener, or Washer Making: Process and Apparatus,   subclasses 11+ for combined operations for making a bolt and subclasses 57+ for combined machines for making a bolt.

7.1	FENCE BARB MAKING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for making pointed elements for subsequent attachment to fence wire, or for striking up pointed projections from fence stock material itself. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 140,  Wireworking,   subclasses 58+ for a process of or apparatus for making and applying wire barbs to a wire strand, particularly, subclass 66 for applying barbs of sheet metal to a wire strand. 256,  Fences,   subclasses 2+ for barbed fences including barbed strands or fabric.

7.2	By use of reciprocating cutter or die:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 7.1.  Process or apparatus which travel back and forth in a straight line and directly contact the work to produce the fence barbs. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 83,  Cutting,   subclasses 613+ for a cutting machine including a cutter with simple rectilinear reciprocating motion only and subclass 697 for reciprocable type tools, per se.

7.3	By use of rotary cutter or die:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 7.1.  Process or apparatus wherein the tool which directly contacts the work to produce the fence barb is mounted on a rotatable cylindrical member.

8	FINGER-RING FORMING OR SIZING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for forming a finger ring by die cutting a flat ring from a disk and subsequently swaging or die shaping it into the desired form or for stretching or contacting a ring by use of a die. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 896.4+, for a process of making jewelry, generally. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 63,  Jewelry,   subclasses 15+ for a finger ring. 72,  Metal Deforming,   especially subclass 377 for a process of deforming metallic work with attenuation, thickening, elongating, or shortening of the work and subclass 379.2 for a process of deforming sheet metal. 249,  Static Molds,   subclass 57 for a mold for casting a ring-type product, e.g., a finger ring, etc.

9	FISHHOOK MAKING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for making a fishhook, including shaping, pointing, or barbing. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 226,  Advancing Material of Indeterminate Length,   for a method of or apparatus for, feeding material without utilizing both the leading and trailing ends to effect movement of the material.

10	GEM AND JEWEL SETTING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for cutting a socket for a gem or jewel or for securing the gem or jewel in the socket. (1) Note. This subclass includes jewel holders, feeding devices for jewel-setting machines, jewel-burnishing devices, etc. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 8, for process or apparatus for forming a finger ring or for sizing a finger ring. 896.4+, for a process of making jewelry, generally. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 63,  Jewelry,   subclasses 26+ for a "setting" in which a gem is to be set. 81,  Tools,   subclass 7 for a watchmakers jewel setting tool. 125,  Stone Working,   subclass 35 for a work support for stone working. 205,  Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,   subclass 114 for electrolytic methods of setting or mounting gems.

11	HINGE MAKING OR ASSEMBLING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for manufacturing a part of a hinge or for assembling that part with another part in manufacturing a hinge. (1) Note. The manufacturing operations of this subclass are mainly die cutting, milling, or broaching to finish interlocking parts, bending a sleeve, or inserting a pintle. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 3, for similar process or apparatus peculiar to making a buckle. 437+, for a method of assembling with retaining clearance for motion between the assembled parts by deforming interlocking structure.

12	LACING-STUD MAKING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for making a lacing stud from a metal rod, metal wire, or specially-prepared metal stock. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   for stressing metal beyond its elastic limit, generally. 425,  Plastic Article or Earthenware Shaping or Treating: Apparatus,   subclasses 110+ for apparatus to make a composite from a preform and means shaping fluent plastic stock and subclass 807 for lace tipping.

13	PAPER-FASTENER MAKING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for making a member intended to be inserted in an opening in a paper sheet to secure something to that paper sheet. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 5, for cotter-pin making. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 59,  Chain, Staple, and Horseshoe Making,   subclasses 71+ for staple making. 226,  Advancing Material of Indeterminate Length,   for a method of or apparatus for feeding material without utilizing both the leading and trailing ends to effect movement of the material. 227,  Elongated-Member-Driving Apparatus,   subclasses 82+ for combined apparatus for forming and driving a member, e.g., nail.

14	PLOW OR CULTIVATOR IRON, MAKING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for making that portion of a ground turning or stirring implement that comes in direct contact with the ground to effect work thereon. (1) Note. Also included herein is a process of making ancillary plow structure, such as a clevis. (2) Note. A plow "iron" may be called a "share", a "point", or a "sweep". SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 891+, for a process of making an agricultural device, generally. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   subclasses 470+ for a die for forging generally, including forging a plow or a cultivator iron.

15	PUDDLERS" BALLS MAKING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for manufacturing a solid, generally spherical member intended to be used in molten metal, e.g., to assist in refining of metal. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 75,  Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions for use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures,   for a process of treating metal in the molten state. 266,  Metallurgical Apparatus,   especially subclasses 227+ for means for separating metal in a molten mass from undesired material.

16	RAILWAY-CHAIR MAKING:
	Process or apparatus for manufacturing a metal block intended to support and hold a railway track with respect to a crosstie. (1) Note. Manufacture of structure relating to a railway chair, e.g., a clip for holding a chair to a rail, is included herein.

17.1	FOIL OR OTHER THIN SHEET-METAL MAKING OR TREATING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for manufacturing or modifying small thickness sheet metal, e.g., foil, not provided for in another class. (1) Note. The lines existing between Class 29, subclasses 17.1+, and Class 72, Metal Deforming, are as follows: Class 72 takes (1) a process or apparatus for rolling sheet metal whether a sheet, strip, pack, or otherwise, or (2) a process or apparatus for rolling sheet metal whether a sheet, strip, pack, or otherwise when combined with any nonrolling operation acceptable in Class 72. Class 29 takes (1) a process or apparatus for manufacturing metal foil other than by rolling and (2) process or apparatus for rolling sheet metal when combined with another operation, which combination is not classified in Class 72. (2) Note. "Foil" is film-like metal, generally less than 0.010 inches thick which, because of its frailty must be handled much like a sheet of paper. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 33, for a machine for performing a combination of operations on a strip. 81.1+, for a process or apparatus for removing or preventing scale. 527.1, for a process including applying or shaping of fluent material. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   and see (1) Note above. 118,  Coating Apparatus,   for metal or nonmetal coating apparatus combined with various treating means such as cutting or deforming. 164,  Metal Founding,   subclass 476 for continuous casting combined with rolling. 427,  Coating Processes,   for a method of coating a substrate, generally. 428,  Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,   subclasses 606+ for metallic foil or filament smaller than 6 mils.

17.2	Method:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 17.1.  Process.

17.3	Clad or other composite foil or thin metal making:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 17.2.  Process comprising manufacturing an article having plural layers or distinct components joined together. (1) Note. At least one layer or component must be metallic and that layer or component must be altered for classification in this subclass. (2) Note. In a process of this subclass, any two layers or components must have different characteristics. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 527.1+, for applying or shaping of fluent material to a substrate in forming a composite product. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 148,  Metal Treatment,   subclasses 240+ for a method of producing a reaction coating on a solid metal substrate wherein one component of the reaction coating comes from the metal, and subclass 127 for a method under that class definition of heat treating a metal composite. 156,  Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture,   for a process or apparatus for adhesive bonding of a self-sustaining web or article. 164,  Metal Founding,   subclasses 31+ for a method under that class definition of forming a composite article. 205,  Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,   subclasses 76+ for making foil by electroforming. 228,  Metal Fusion Bonding,   for a process or apparatus for metallurgically bonding self-sustaining preforms together. 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   subclasses 241+ for a process under that class definition of producing composite, plural part or a multilayered article. 419,  Powder Metallurgy Processes,   subclasses 3+ for a method of making a sheet of indefinite length. 427,  Coating Processes,   for producing a coated foil, generally.

17.4	With assembling or disassembling of a pack:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 17.2.  Process including (1) superposing plural work portions for metalworking or treating which work portions are to be subsequently separated to yield plural manufactured articles or (2) effecting or augmenting separation of superposed articles that have been, while superposed, subjected to metalworking or treatment. (1) Note. The pack may be made by folding a single sheet along a line if the work portions are to be severed later from the rest of the pack. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 18.1, for apparatus for opening or separating a pack. 403.3+, for a process of mechanical manufacture including separating materials one from another. 426.1+, for a process of disassembling, especially subclass 426.4 for disassembling by alteration or destruction. 700+, for apparatus for disassembling, generally. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 125,  Stone Working,   subclass 24 for a process or apparatus for separating mica or mica-like substance along its plane of cleavage. 428,  Stock Metal or Miscellaneous Articles,   subclasses 577+ for a metallic intermediate article.

17.5	Using transitory solid cover material:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 17.4.  Process including superposing a solid member over a work portion to facilitate metalworking or treating of the work portion, which solid member does not form part of one of the manufactured articles. (1) Note. The solid cover material generally constitutes some portion of the pack and may itself become a manufactured product but not in the course of the claimed invention. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 423+, for a method of diverse mechanical manufacturing utilizing transitory attached or separate material.

17.6	Including bond prevention treatment:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 17.4.  Process including applying material to a work portion or performing a particular operation on the work portion to stop welding or adhesion between layers or components of the pack. (1) Note. The bond preventing material is generally characterized as "anti-bond" or "prevent-weld". (2) Note. The bond prevention material may comprise material that is normally used as a lubricant applied directly to the work, rather than merely to the working apparatus or machine. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 424, for a process of mechanical manufacture including use of a temporary protective coating, generally. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 228,  Metal Fusion Bonding,   subclass 118 for a metallurgical bonding process under that class definition which uses bond inhibiting separating material.

17.7	Disassembling of a pack:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 17.4.  Process including effecting or augmenting separation of superposed articles that have been, while superposed, subjected to metalworking or treatment. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 18.1, for apparatus for opening or separating a pack. 403.3+, for a process of mechanical manufacture including separating materials one from another. 426.1+, for a process of disassembling, especially subclass 426.4 for disassembling by alteration or destruction. 700+, for apparatus for disassembling, generally. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 125,  Stone Working,   subclass 24 for a process or apparatus for separating mica or mica-like substance along its plane of cleavage.

17.8	By shaving or longitudinal cutting:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 17.2.  Process including severing or slicing off a layer substantially along the length of the axis of a metal workpiece. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 82,  Turning,   for shaving off a rotating workpiece. 83,  Cutting,   subclasses 861+ for a process of cutting other than completely through work thickness or through work within the class definition. 409,  Gear Cutting, Milling, or Planing,   subclasses 288+ for shaving off a single layer of a workpiece.

17.9	Using transitory material:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 17.2.  Process wherein material is attached to or associated with the work to facilitate the manufacturing, which material forms no part of the manufactured product. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 423+, for a method of diverse mechanical manufacturing which utilizes transitory attached or associated separate material.

18.1	Means for opening or separating a pack:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 17.1.  Apparatus for breaking or pulling apart a group of superposed workpieces thereby to yield plural manufactured articles. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 403.3+, for a process of mechanical manufacture including separating materials one from another. 426.1+, for a process of disassembling, especially subclass 426.4 for disassembling by alteration or destruction. 700+, for apparatus for disassembling, generally. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 125,  Stone Working,   subclass 24 for a process or apparatus for separating mica or mica-like substance along its plane of cleavage.

20	SPECTACLE-FRAME MAKING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for manufacturing a member intended to hold or otherwise support a lens of eyeglass structure. (1) Note. Included herein is structure for assembling a pair of spectacles or for manufacture of a portion thereof, such as a "temple" or "bridge-piece". SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 434+, for a process of assembling or joining while retaining clearance for motion between assembled parts, as in assembling a temple with the lens holding portion of a spectacle frame. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 65,  Glass Manufacturing,   subclass 61 for grinding to make an article of glass, including making and grinding a lens. 72,  Metal Deforming,   for bending metal, generally, especially subclasses 362+ for the process. 140,  Wireworking,   subclasses 71+ for a process or apparatus for making an eyeglass frame of wire, under that class definition. 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   subclasses 239+ for a method including shaping or molding to form or reform a shaped article, including molding of an eyeglass frame or lens. 351,  Optics: Eye Examining, Vision Testing and Correcting,   subclasses 41+ for spectacles or eyeglasses, subclass 177 for a process of making an ophthalmic lens not elsewhere provided for (see the appended notes to this subclass for a field of search for this subject matter), and subclass 178 for a process of making spectacles or eyeglasses not elsewhere provided for, securing an eyeglass lens to a support, or of assembling lens in spectacle frames. 425,  Plastic Article or Earthenware Shaping or Treating: Apparatus,   for making an article of plastic, generally, including making a portion of an eyeglass frame or a lens.

20.1	SPIRAL CUTTING OF FLAT STOCK:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for severing a strip or strap from sheet material, in substantially continuous fashion, by relative rotation of a tool and work about an axis while moving toward or away from each other during the severing operation. (1) Note. The line of severance described by the cutting operation of this subclass comprises a flat spiral in the plane of the sheet material. (2) Note. The cutting tool is usually at a fixed point or location with respect to which point the work is moved. (3) Note. The combination of spiral cutting (here classified) with winding and reeling (classified, per se, in Class 242, Winding, Tensioning, or Guiding) is to be found in this subclass. (4) Note. A subsequent cutting, either to length or desired cross section shape, of the severed strip or strap will not bar classification here if otherwise within the above definition. (5) Note. This subclass includes working of sheet material other than metal (e.g., rubber, cloth, leather, etc.) as set forth above to produce thongs, lacing, belting, etc. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 2.1+, for bias cutting tubular stock and see the notes thereunder for other cutting loci involving relative rotation between tool and work. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 82,  Turning,   for cutting of rotating work, generally. 142,  Wood Turning,   subclasses 23 through 35for a process or apparatus for cutting of a rotating workpiece of wood. 144,  Woodworking,   subclasses 209.1+ for a veneer lathe. 411,  Expanded, Threaded, Driven, Headed, Tool-Deformed, or Locked-Threaded Fastener,   for a fastener which may have been produced by a rotation of a workpiece. 428,  Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,   subclass 592 for metallic stock which is helical or has a helical component.

21	STEREOTYPE-PLATE FINISHING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for finishing a plane or curved stereotype plate by beveling the edge, grooving, or finishing a rib on the back of a plate. (1) Note. Apparatus for casting a stereotype plate combined with a finishing mechanism which operates on a plate while still associated with a casting surface is classified in Class 164, Metal Founding, subclass 140. (2) Note. Apparatus for merely planing the back of a stereotype plate are classified in Class 409, Gear Cutting, Milling, or Planing, subclasses 288+. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 101,  Printing,   subclasses 368+ for a printing member, per se. 451,  Abrading,   subclasses 28+ for a process of abrading.

21.1	MEANS FOR FORMING CLENCH-TONGUE (E.G., FOR TIEBAND):
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Apparatus, including a punch for cutting out a flap from a sheet metal work portion, and including means to bend the flap to engage and secure plural portions in assembled relation. (1) Note. Included here is a device which cuts and bends the tongue by either single or plural means. (2) Note. Included here is a tongue cutting and clenching device, not otherwise classified, which acts on a single work piece. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 243.5+, for overedge assembling apparatus. 432+, for a process of assembling combined with punching, piercing or reaming a part by engagement with the surface of a second part. 509+, for a process of assembling including joining by deforming by overedge clamping of a seated part. 798+, for apparatus for assembling including means to drive a self-piercing work part. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   subclasses appropriate to cutting and deforming. 413,  Sheet Metal Container Making,   subclasses 1+ for a method of fabricating a sheet metal can. 493,  Manufacturing Container or Tube From Paper; or Other Manufacturing From a Sheet or Web,   subclasses 350+ for a similar device which operates on a nonmetallic material.

22	TIRE UPSETTING, WITH CUTTING, PUNCHING, ETC.:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Combined process or apparatus including use of a metal tire thickening device combined with use of a press for cutting or shaping the tire or tire blank. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 894.37, for a process of making a metal tire for a wheel, other than in the manner of this subclass. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   especially subclass 294 for cutting combined with upsetting, generally, and subclasses 300 and 301+ for a pair of individually nondeforming clamps used to upset a metal strip other than a metal tire strip.

23.1	TOOTH-CYLINDER MAKING APPARATUS (E.G., TEXTILE WORKING CYLINDER):
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Means for forming, applying, and securing metallic teeth to the surface of a cylindrical body such as a cylinder for textile machinery. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 891+, for making a device for use in agriculture, generally. 895, and 895.31, for a process of manufacturing a roller having teeth assembled thereto or formed thereon. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 227,  Elongated-Member-Driving Apparatus,   subclass 77 for combined apparatus for applying a member, e.g., card teeth, and bending the end of such member. 492,  Roll or Roller,   subclasses 30+ for a roll or roller with surface indentation, projections, or slits having plural alignment of slits.

23.51	IMPELLER MAKING APPARATUS:
	Machines or tool for manufacturing a rotor for a turbine, fan, pump, etc. (1) Note. A conveyor screw is considered to be an "impeller". SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 889+, for a process of manufacturing an impeller. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   subclasses 367.1+ for a method of making or reshaping a metallic tubular member, generally. 198,  Conveyors: Power-Driven,   subclasses 657+ for a screw type conveyor. 415,  Rotary Kinetic Fluid Motors or Pumps,   subclasses 71+ for a runner having a spirally arranged blade or fluid passage. 416,  Fluid Reaction Surfaces (i.e., impellers),   for an impeller, per se.

24	TYPE FINISHING AND GROOVING:
	Process or apparatus for breaking a "jet" (or "sprue line") from cast printing type, removing irregularities (such as a pin or burr) from printing type, or for grooving printing type. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 413, for a method of obtaining plural pieces from a unitary blank by breaking through a weakened portion. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 199,  Type Casting,   subclasses 81+ for a machine for casting type combined with mechanism for finishing. See Class 409, Gear Cutting, Milling, or Planing, subclass 293 for a process of and subclasses 312 and 901 for apparatus for cutting to shape a metallic printing surface. 225,  Severing by Tearing or Breaking,   subclasses 1+ for a method of breaking, generally, and subclasses 93+ for apparatus for breaking, generally.

24.5	VENETIAN BLIND ASSEMBLING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus (including a work holder) for assembling a venetian blind. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 33+, for apparatus including an assembling device combined with a shaping device, not otherwise classified, and see the notes to that subclass (33) for the lines with other classes. 592+, for a method of assembling combined with one shaping, not otherwise classified, especially subclasses 433+ for a method of assembling by stringing and subclasses 559+ for a method of assembling including work holding. See the notes to that subclass (592) for the lines with other classes. 700+, for apparatus for assembling, generally, especially subclass 241 for apparatus for assembling by stringing and subclasses 281.1+ for apparatus for assembling including use of a workholder. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 156,  Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture,   subclass 65 for a process of making a venetian blind ladder by laminating. 160,  Flexible or Portable Closure, Partition, or Panel,   subclass 166.1 for a venetian blind, per se, and see that definition for the definition of a "venetian blind". 227,  Elongated-Member-Driving Apparatus,   for apparatus for inserting a member, e.g., a nail or staple, into a venetian blind part, particularly subclasses 19+ and 99+ for combined apparatus for handling of a workpiece and for driving a member. 269,  Work Holders,   for a work holder, per se, not otherwise classified, and see the notes to that class for the lines with other classes.

25	UMBRELLA-FRAME MAKING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for forming or assembling an umbrella frame including forging an umbrella rib, shaping, or assembling a component of an umbrella frame with another component. (1) Note. A component of an umbrella frame may be a "rib", a "fork", a "notch", a "tip", etc. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   for a process or apparatus for merely die shaping the various elements from sheet material. 135,  Tent, Canopy, Umbrella, or Cane,   subclasses 20+ for an umbrella, or component, generally.

25.01	BARRIER LAYER OR SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE MAKING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus not elsewhere classified comprising manufacturing (1) an electrical component consisting of two electrical conductors placed either in contact with each other or separated by an interface, which component has a nonlinear resistance characteristic as a result of the electrical action of the interface, (2) an electrical device which exhibits asymmetrical voltage current characteristic, or (3) a device incorporating a nonmetallic electric conductor in which current is carried by the movement of ions, which device is other than those classified in the class for Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy. (1) Note. This and the indented subclasses include a miscellaneous process or apparatus for making a barrier layer-type device, e.g., a contact rectifier, a transistor, or an electrolytic capacitor. (2) Note. This and the indented subclasses are not limited to the manufacture of a barrier layer device where a metal working operation is involved, but includes the manufacture of such device from any material where no specific class provides for the subject matter claimed. (3) Note. This and the indented subclasses are heavy in semiconductor diverse manufacturing apparatus (e.g., cluster apparatus, etc.) not provided for in a specific apparatus class. (4) Note. Where the patent includes a claim to the product in addition to a claim for the process of manufacture, the patent is classified in the product class and cross-referenced to the appropriate process class. (5) Note. In these subclasses are found, inter alia, patents relating to the manufacture a barrier layer device by the combination of a step which is, per se, classified in another class and a step of subjecting the barrier layer device to an electrical current for either forming, testing, or aging the device. The step of electrolytically forming a coating on an electrode, without more, is not deemed such an operation. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 2, for a process or apparatus for making an electric battery grid. 25.41+, for an electric capacitor making process or apparatus wherein the capacitor is not a barrier layer or electrolytic device. 592+, for a miscellaneous process of assembly, manufacture or repair, particularly, subclasses 592.1+ for a process of making a miscellaneous electrical device, of which, subclasses 610.1+ relate to a process of making an electrical resistor including metal working, or when not otherwise classifiable, subclasses 623.1+ relate to a process of making a battery, generally, and subclass 874+ relates to the making of a terminal including one to be used with a barrier layer device. 700+, for miscellaneous assembly or disassembly apparatus, particularly subclasses 729+ and 762+ for assembly or disassembly apparatus for an electrical device not proper for a superior subclass in this or another class, and subclasses 730+ and 763 for electric battery assembly or disassembly apparatus. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 106,  Compositions: Coating or Plastic,   for a miscellaneous coating or plastic composition such as a ceramic or varnish composition. 117,  Single-Crystal, Oriented-Crystal, and Epitaxy Growth Processes; Non-Coating Apparatus Therefor,   for processes and non-coating apparatus for growing therein-defined single-crystal of all types of materials, including barrier layer or semiconductor materials. 134,  Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids,   for a process of or apparatus for cleaning material such as stock material for a barrier layer device. 205,  Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,   for a process, product, or apparatus for treating base stock by an electrolytic process, especially, subclass 213 for the cleaning or etching of aluminum by an electrolytic method, subclasses 183+, 188+, 191+, and 198+ for an electrolytic coating process, and subclasses 324+ for the oxide coating of aluminum from an aqueous bath. See (1) Note, above. 216,  Etching a Substrate: Processes,   subclass 3 for methods of forming a Josephson junction device including a chemical etching step. 252,  Compositions,   subclass 62.2 for an electrolyte for an electrolytic condenser or rectifier, subclass 62.3 for a composition for a barrier layer device, and subclasses 500+ for an electrically conductive and emissive composition which composition may be resistive in nature. 257,  Active Solid-State Devices (e.g., Transistors, Solid-State Diodes),   appropriate subclasses for an active solid-state device, per se, and see (2) Note, above. 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   for a process of working, molding, or shaping a miscellaneous plastic material, per se, or combined with another operation, especially subclasses 614+ for a sintering method to make a coated or composite electrical article or component; subclasses 104+ for shaping electroconductive material; and subclasses 272.11+ for shaping to make an encapsulated electrical component including a barrier layer or semiconductor device. 269,  Work Holders,   for a miscellaneous work support. 338,  Electrical Resistors,   for an electrical resistor, per se. 355,  Photocopying,   for a process or apparatus under that class definition for using an optical aligning mask, etc. 356,  Optics: Measuring and Testing,   for a process or apparatus for testing an optical aligning mask. 359,  Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,   for a process or apparatus under that class definition of using an optical aligning mask. 414,  Material or Article Handling,   for Handling of a wafer, per se. 420,  Alloys or Metallic Compositions,   for stock material which may be used in the process or apparatus of this and the indented subclasses. 427,  Coating Processes,   subclasses 58+ for a process of coating, per se, wherein the product has utility as an electrical product. 428,  Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,   for a stock material product in the form of a single or plural layer web, sheet, strand, or fiber; especially subclasses 175+ , 190, 193+, 196+, and 365 for such a product including mechanically interengaged strand or strand portions (e.g., woven, knitted) and subclass 62 for metallic composite in which a component has a semiconductor base. 430,  Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition, or Product Thereof,   subclasses 311+ for a process of making an electrical device by means of radiation imagery chemistry. 438,  Semiconductor Device Manufacturing: Process,   appropriate subclasses for methods of making a semiconductor electrical device; see the search notes thereunder. 442,  Fabric (Woven, Knitted, or Nonwoven Textile or Cloth, etc.),   subclasses 181+ and 304+ for a woven or knit fabric. 445,  Electric Lamp or Space Discharge Component or Device Manufacturing,   for a process or apparatus for making such a component or device. 505,  Superconductor Technology: Apparatus, Material, Process,   particularly subclass 329 for methods of making a Josephson junction device possessing a high temperature superconductor and subclass 922 for methods of making a Josephson junction device possessing a low temperature superconductor.

25.02	Barrier layer device making:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 25.01.  Process or apparatus comprising manufacturing (1) an electrical component consisting of two electrical conductors placed either in contact with each other or separated by an interface, which component has a nonlinear resistance characteristic as a result of the electrical action of the interface or (2) a device incorporating a nonmetallic electric conductor in which current is carried by the movement of ions, which device is other than those classified in the class for Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy. (1) Note. See the search notes under Class 29, subclass 25.01.

25.03	Electrolytic device making; e.g., capacitor:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 25.02.  Process or apparatus comprising manufacturing a device incorporating a nonmetallic conductor in which current is carried by the movement of ions, which device is other than those classified in Class 205, Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions. (1) Note. See the search notes under Class 29, subclass 25.01.

25.35	PIEZOELECTRIC DEVICE MAKING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Miscellaneous process or apparatus for manufacturing a piezoelectric device or piezoelectric crystal which is not classifiable in a specific class relating to the manufacture of such an article. (1) Note. A piezoelectric device under this definition is a device which contains a material which exhibits an electrostatic polarization when subjected to mechanical stress or which exhibits a mechanical stress, tending to produce a deflection, when subjected to electric stress, including provision in combination with means to utilize the piezoelectric property of said material. The material may be crystalline or may not be so. The vast majority of piezoelectric substances are crystalline, but a few substances which are not obviously crystalline, such as some barium titanate ceramics and some wax-resin electrets (the electrostatic analogue of the permanent magnet), exhibit piezoelectric properties. Since, in theory, piezoelectricity is attributed to certain types of anisotropy in the material, those piezoelectric materials which are not obviously crystalline may be regarded as having a quasi-crystalline structure and the expression piezoelectric crystal is adopted, for convenience of expression, as being generic to both types of material in the shaped (as distinguished from the bulk) state where the shape (e.g., plate, AT cut) is disclosed as being significant to the piezoelectric property of the material. In summary: Piezoelectric material = material in bulk. Piezoelectric crystal = material shaped for piezo-electricity. Piezoelectric device = piezoelectric material or crystal + utilization means (e.g., electrodes holder). (2) Note. This subclass is not limited to the manufacture of a piezoelectric device by a metal working operation, but includes the manufacture of such a device by any type of operation where no other class provides for the entire subject matter claimed. (3) Note. This subclass includes patents relating to the manufacture of the type of piezoelectric devices classified in Class 310, Electrical Generator or Motor Structure, subclasses 8+. Other classes which provide for piezoelectric devices may also include methods and apparatus for manufacturing the piezoelectric devices in those other classes. For a list of such other classes consult the search notes below. (4) Note. Where a patent includes a claim to the piezoelectric device in addition to a claim to the process of or apparatus for manufacturing the piezoelectric device, the patent is classified in the article class and cross-referenced here. (5) Note. A process or apparatus for manufacturing a piezoelectric device when claimed in combination with a method or apparatus for using said piezoelectric device, is not classified in this subclass, but is classified in the class which pertains to the use. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 25.41+, and the classes referred to in the search notes of that subclass for a method or apparatus for manufacturing an electric condenser which method or apparatus may be useful in the manufacture of a piezoelectric device. 592.1+, for a process, not elsewhere classified of manufacturing or assembling an electrical conductor or circuit. 729+, for miscellaneous apparatus not elsewhere classified for assembling electrical apparatus. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 53,  Package Making,   for a method or apparatus for sealing a housing or envelope which is disclosed as containing piezoelectric crystals and for that subject matter where the claims recite merely that the housing contains a crystal (as distinguished, for example, from a crystal which is mounted within the housing). Note particularly subclasses 470+ and 239 where the housing is filled with both an article and fluent material and subclasses 403+ and 79+ where the housing is filled with a gas or evacuated and closed. 73,  Measuring and Testing,   subclass 570 for a piezoelectric transducer which couples an alternating current electric circuit and a device having mechanical vibrations for testing purposes or for the testing system which utilizes such a transducer. 106,  Compositions: Coating or Plastic,   for a composition useful to coat a piezoelectric crystal or device, as for waterproofing. 117,  Single-Crystal, Oriented-Crystal, and Epitaxy Growth Processes; Non-Coating Apparatus Therefor,   for processes and non-coating apparatus for growing therein-defined single-crystal of all types of materials, including piezoelectric materials. 118,  Coating Apparatus,   for miscellaneous coating apparatus. Note particularly subclasses 668+ where the coating is under the control of a characteristic of the workpiece (as when the coating apparatus is controlled by the varying resonant frequency of a piezoelectric crystal being coated), subclasses 715+ for vacuum evaporation coating apparatus, and subclasses 300+ for projection or spray type coating apparatus. 125,  Stone Working,   for a method or apparatus for shaping (e.g., sawing, drilling, surfacing) a piezoelectric crystal which utilizes a cutting tool (as distinguished from an abrasive or abradant tool). Such method and apparatus in Class 125 may include determining the crystallographic orientation of the crystal. 134,  Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids,   for a method or means for cleaning a piezoelectric crystal which may include merely treatment in a chemical bath or may include a mechanical operation. 156,  Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture,   subclasses 345.1 through 345.55provides for differential or pattern etching of piezoelectric materials. Class 156 is also the generic home for a apparatus for adhesively bonding materials and thus various crystal making steps relating to bonding, per se, may be there classified. 174,  Electricity: Conductors and Insulators,   subclasses 50+ and the classes referred to in the search notes of that class for a housing or an envelope having means for conducting electricity between the inside and outside of the housing. Included is such housing or envelope as is used for piezoelectric crystals. 200,  Electricity: Circuit Makers and Breakers,   subclass 181 . 204,  Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy,   for an electrical method or apparatus for coating a piezoelectric crystal. Search subclasses 192.1+ for a method of coating by cathode sputtering, subclasses 193+ for electrolytic apparatus, and subclasses 298.01+ for cathode sputtering apparatus. Search subclasses 155+, and 164+ for a method of treating a compound by electricity or wave energy, such as neutron bombardment or X-ray radiation, to produce therein chemical changes which may be manifested by associated physical changes. Such method may be under the automatic control of some property of the material being treated or may be under manual control. 205,  Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,   subclasses 118+ for electrolytic methods of applying a coating where an electrolytic and a nonelectrolytic step are combined as where copper is electrolytically plated over a chemically deposited silver layer. 216,  Etching a Substrate: Processes,   subclass 13 for forming of an electrical conductor, e.g., circuit, etc. 220,  Receptacles,   for the structure of housings, casings, and envelopes, per se. Note particularly subclasses 2.1+ where the housing, casing, or envelope is of the electric discharge tube or similar (such as piezoelectric crystal) type and subclasses 3.2+ where the housing, casing, or envelope is of the outlet or junction box type. 228,  Metal Fusion Bonding,   subclasses 101+ for the method of soldering a metal to metal joint, such as the joint between a metallic coating on a quartz crystal and an electrode wire, and subclass 903 for an art collection of patents directed to a method of bonding metallic and nonmetallic part by a metallurgical bond, e.g., a method of joining an electrode wire to a quartz crystal. 250,  Radiant Energy,   search subclasses 306+ for methods of testing (as distinguished from treating a piezoelectric crystal by subjecting it to electronic or ionic rays) and for apparatus for testing or treating a piezoelectric crystal by subjecting it to electronic or ionic rays. Apparatus for treating piezoelectric crystals in Class 250 may be under the automatic control of some property, such as resonant frequency of the crystal being treated, or may be under manual control. Crystal goniometers in Class 250 may mark the crystallographic axis on the crystal being tested or may position the crystal in a certain orientation with respect to the testing ray or may otherwise indicate the crystallographic axis; however, crystal goniometers which, in addition, mount the crystal in a holder or cut it or perform some operation other than, and in addition, to the testing are not classified in Class 250. 252,  Compositions,   subclass 62.9 for piezoelectric compositions. 260,  Chemistry of Carbon Compounds,   for a process of crystallizing organic compounds, the process being classified with its product. Note particularly subclass 707 for a process of crystallizing organic compounds limited to no specific type of compound. The product of such a process and also the seed crystals used in the process are classified as chemical compounds. Seed crystals combined with supports are classified as crystallizing apparatus in Class 23, subclass 273. Organic piezoelectric chemicals, per se, when shaped to claimed configurations where the configuration is disclosed as being significant to the piezoelectric property of the crystal (e.g., plate, AT cut) are not classified in Class 260 (see the reference to Class 171, subclass 327, above). Organic chemicals are classified in Class 260, even though claimed as being piezoelectric, where the chemical is not claimed as being shaped with respect to the piezoelectric property and where it is uncombined with piezoelectric structure. 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   subclasses 405+ for that class operation by direct application of electrical or wave energy to work. 310,  Electrical Generator or Motor Structure,   subclasses 311+ for piezoelectric crystal devices other than those combined with an art device. 315,  Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Systems,   subclass 55 for the structural combination of a piezoelectric crystal and a space discharge device or electric lamp. 318,  Electricity: Motive Power Systems,   subclass 116 for electric motor control systems where the electric motor is of the piezoelectric type. 324,  Electricity: Measuring and Testing,   for a process of or means for subjecting a piezoelectric crystal to an electric test as for predicting its frequency drift, for determining the polarity of charge produced by mechanical stress, or for determining its activity. Search subclasses 76.39+ for frequency determination. Note that indented subclass 76.49 relates to piezoelectric crystals among other devices. 331,  Oscillators,   subclasses 73 , 139, 156, and 158 for electrical oscillator systems utilizing piezoelectric crystals. 332,  Modulators,   subclasses 117+ for frequency modulators which utilize a piezoelectric crystal. 333,  Wave Transmission Lines and Networks,   subclass 150 for electric delay networks utilizing piezoelectric crystals and subclass 187 for electric wave filters utilizing piezoelectric crystals. 356,  Optics: Measuring and Testing,   subclass 31 for methods and apparatus for determining the crystallographic axis of a crystal by optical means. Crystal goniometers in Class 356 may mark the crystallographic axis on the crystal being tested or may position the crystal in a certain orientation with respect to the light rays. Methods of determining the crystallographic axis which include chemically etching the crystal to develop etching pits which can be observed optically are included in subclass 31. Crystal goniometers which, in addition, mount the crystal in a holder or cut it or perform some operation other than or in addition to the testing are not classified in Class 356. 359,  Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,   subclass 230 for light control by a piezoelectric opaque element. 361,  Electricity: Electrical Systems and Devices,   subclasses 225+ for the step of merely charging or polarizing piezoelectric material. 366,  Agitating,   subclass 127 for method of and apparatus for agitating actuated by a piezoelectric device. 367,  Communications, Electrical: Acoustic Wave System and Devices,   subclasses 87+ for echo signaling or object sensing systems which may use a piezoelectric transducer, subclasses 118+ and, particularly, subclasses 157+ for underwater piezoelectric signaling or object sensing transducers, and subclass 180 for other piezoelectric signaling or object sensing transducers. 369,  Dynamic Information Storage or Retrieval,   subclass 144 for the structure of piezoelectric phonograph pickups. 378,  X-Ray or Gamma Ray Systems or Devices,   subclass 78 for piezoelectric crystallography. 379,  Telephonic Communications,   for the structure of a piezoelectric microphone. 381,  Electrical Audio Signal Processing Systems and Devices,   subclass 173 . 422,  Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing,   subclasses 245+ for chemical apparatus for producing crystals. 423,  Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds,   for inorganic compounds, per se, even though claimed as having piezoelectric properties. 427,  Coating Processes,   subclass 100 for a coating process, per se, wherein a product having piezoelectric properties is formed. 451,  Abrading,   for a method or apparatus for abrading the surface of a piezoelectric crystal to adjust its resonant frequency. Such an abrading method or apparatus may be under time control or under the control of the varying resonant frequency of the crystal being abraded. Note particularly subclasses 32+ for a process of abrading by tumbling, subclass 37 for a combined process including tumbling and sand blasting, subclasses 41+ for a process of abrading a crystal, subclass 78 for a sandblast machine, and subclasses 326+ for a tumbling machine used for abrading. 501,  Compositions: Ceramic,   for ceramic compositions used as dielectrics. 562,  Organic Compounds,   subclass 580 for a process of crystallizing Rochelle salt. 585,  Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds,   especially subclasses 479 and 812+ for obtaining hydrocarbons in crystalline form. See the search note in this subclass to Class 260.

25.41	ELECTRIC CONDENSER MAKING:
	Miscellaneous process or apparatus for making an electric condenser which is not classifiable in the specific classes relating to the manufacture of articles. (1) Note. This and indented subclasses do not include the manufacture of electric condensers of the electrolytic type. The patents relating to the manufacture of an electrolytic condenser are in Class 29, subclasses 25.01+, or in the classes referred to in the search notes of that subclass. (2) Note. This and the indented subclass are not limited to the manufacture of electric condensers where a metal working step is involved, but include the manufacture of such devices from any material where no specific class provides for the claimed subject matter. (3) Note. Where the patent includes a claim to the article manufactured, in addition to claims for the process or apparatus, the patent is classified in the article class and cross-referenced to these subclasses. (4) Note. For electric condensers of the type manufactured by the process or apparatus of this subclass, under "SEARCH CLASS", see Class 361, Electricity: Electrical Systems and Devices, subclasses 271+. (5) Note. Work holders are usually classified with the apparatus for performing the operation. Under "SEARCH CLASS", see Class 269, Work Holders, for miscellaneous work holders for assembly operations. (6) Note. Process or apparatus for making a condenser and testing that condenser is classified with the art which provides for the manufacturing operation. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 17.1+, for a process or apparatus for forming thin sheet metal and metal foil. 25.01+, and see (1) Note, above. 33+, for miscellaneous organized machines adapted to perform a plurality of operations upon metal. 400.1+, for a process for making metallic articles and a process of working metal not classified in specific classes. Note subclasses 592.1+ for miscellaneous process of making an electrical device which includes a metal working operation. Subclass 630 provides for a process for making a contact or terminal for an electric condenser and other electrical device. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 53,  Package Making,   subclasses 470+ and 239 for a method of or apparatus for merely placing a condenser in a container or receptacle and filling the container or receptacle with a fluent material. 106,  Compositions: Coating or Plastic,   for a miscellaneous coating, impregnated article or plastic composition. 118,  Coating Apparatus,   for miscellaneous coating apparatus. 156,  Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture,   for a process for making a condenser where the process recites no more than operations of laminating or laminating and impregnating. The lamination may be a winding operation. 204,  Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy,   for electrolytic and wave energy method or apparatus for treating, coating, or forming an article. 209,  Classifying: Separating, and Assorting Solids,   subclasses 546+ for a process or apparatus of testing a group of electric condensers and assorting them according to their electrical properties. 216,  Etching a Substrate: Processes,   subclass 6 for forming a capacitor. 228,  Metal Fusion Bonding,   for joining of work portions by soldering, welding, or brazing. 242,  Winding, Tensioning, or Guiding,   subclasses 444.1+ for simultaneously winding an electrical conductor and dielectric strip to form an article such as a condenser without further manufacturing. 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   for a process of working, molding, or shaping miscellaneous plastic materials, per se, or combined with other operations within the class definition. See Class 264 definitions for the line between this class (29) and Class 264. Some subclasses in Class 264 which are specific to production of electrical components or devices are subclasses 104+ , 272.11+ and 615. 269,  Work Holders,   see (5) Note, above. 324,  Electricity: Measuring and Testing,   subclass 60 for a process or apparatus for making an electrical test of an electric condenser. Also see (4) Note above. 361,  Electricity: Electrical Systems and Devices,   subclasses 271+ . See (4) Note, above. 413,  Sheet Metal Container Making,   subclasses 1+ for the method of fabricating a sheet metal can. 425,  Plastic Article or Earthenware Shaping or Treating: Apparatus,   for molding apparatus for shaping or reshaping, per se, plastic materials (e.g., resins, clay, etc.) or with combined operations not otherwise provided for. See, especially, subclasses 110+ for composite article manufacturing involving a preform and fluent material. 427,  Coating Processes,   subclasses 79+ for a coating process, per se, wherein the product is a condenser, capacitor, or a subcombination thereof. 428,  Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,   for a stock material product in the form of a single or plural layer web or sheet and subclasses 432+ and 457+ for a plural layer sheet including a layer of metal next to a layer of nonmetal material.

25.42	Solid dielectric type:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 25.41.  Process or apparatus where the condenser being made is of the type which includes a solid dielectric material interposed between conductive condenser plates. (1) Note. Search the classes and subclasses referred to in the notes to the definition of Class 29, subclass 25.41 for other classes which provide for a blank, a process, or apparatus for making electric condensers of the solid dielectric type.

26	Drill press:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 33.  Apparatus for performing various materials treating functions, the primary function comprising a cutting operation by a rotating axially moving tool and a secondary function comprising either (1) a noncutting operation or (2) cutting by milling operation with the same milling operation with the same tool which performs the primary cutting operation. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 100,  Presses,   for a press not elsewhere provided for, particularly, subclass 102 for a press combined with other features. 408,  Cutting by Use of Rotating Axially Moving Tool,   for a machine for cutting by a rotating tool that moves along the tool axis during operation, especially, subclasses 20+ for a device of that class which is convertible to a cutting operation of another class and subclasses 22+ for a device of that class which is combined with structure for performing a cutting operation of another class. 901,  Robots,   subcollection 6 for a robot which cooperates with another machine.

27	Lathe:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 33.  Apparatus, particularly, a "type of machine" characterized by mechanisms for rotating the work while a cutting or milling tool is traversing the work, either externally or internally; also machines in which the tool is rotated about the work. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 82,  Turning,   for a machine for turning the exterior of a workpiece.

28	Grinding attachment:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 27.  Apparatus characterized by mechanisms for relatively rotating the work and a turning or milling tool and which have in addition thereto a grinding mechanism. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 451,  Abrading,   for the combination of an abrading machine with a nonabrading means.

29	Pulley or wheel:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 27.  Apparatus specially adapted to turn, face, and bore or drill a pulley or a wheel, and, in some instances, to slot the same. The apparatus of this subclass is characterized by the rotation of the work about its axis or by the rotation of the tool about the axis of the work. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 82,  Turning,   subclasses 107 and 108. 408,  Cutting by Use of Rotating Axially Moving Tool,   subclasses 20+ for a device of that class which is convertible to a cutting operation of another class and subclasses 22+ for a device of that class which is combined with structure for performing a cutting operation of another class.

30	Planer:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 33.  Apparatus characterized by a relative reciprocatory movement in substantially a straight line between the work and tool, said tool being a planing tool, a milling cutter or (in some instances) a drill.

33	PLURAL DIVERSE MANUFACTURING APPARATUS INCLUDING MEANS FOR METAL SHAPING OR ASSEMBLING:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 700.  Apparatus under the class definition including (1) two or more diverse metal shaping devices, (2) one metal shaping device combined with one or more nonmetal shaping devices, or (3) one or more assembling devices (classifiable, per se, in ... ) combined with a shaping device. (.5) SPECIAL LINE NOTE. This subclass is intended to collect apparatus for metal shaping combined with apparatus for performing another manufacturing operation, if that combination is not provided for elsewhere. Class 29, subclasses 700-824 of this class have been screened for a combination proper for this and the subclasses indented hereunder. Not all classes other than Class 29 have been reviewed for combinations including metal shaping means beyond the respective class line; however, the search notes below referencing this Special Line Note have been screened. (1) Note. The terminology of (1), above, of the subclass definition can be read as: means for performing two or more diverse metal shaping operations. Thus read, the language encompasses devices including a composite tool as defined in subclass 566, below. See, also, the definitions of terms used, (Glossary and Notes to the Class Definition of this class (29). (2) Note. Diverse apparatus are those apparatus wherein there are two or more devices which operate differently on the part or stock and which collectively do not fall in any single art classification, e.g., sawing and forging, rolling and turning, etc. However, where the two diverse devices constitute a hand manipulable tool rather than a machine the combined device has been placed in Class 7, Compound Tools. Plural apparatus which operate in the same manner or constitute different phases of a single art are found with the single operation, e.g., turning to cylindrically shape followed by turning to taper are in Class 82, Turning. (3) Note. Where the shaping mechanism only operates subsequently to fasten or join parts which have been previously assembled, the apparatus will be found elsewhere in Class 29, subclasses 700+, or in the various joining classes. (4) Note. Included here is the combination of means to strip wire and means to further modify or treat the wire in other than a manner characteristic of Class 140, Wireworking. (5) Note. The combination of apparatus for plural diverse manufacturing (which apparatus falls within the scope of the above definition) with apparatus for packaging (which packaging, per se, falls within the scope of Class 53) is classifiable in the appropriate subclasses of Class 53, Package Making. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 560.1, for a convertible machine of the vise type, not elsewhere provided for. 592+, for a related process. 650, for plural diverse manufacturing apparatus, including means to assemble combined with means to coat. 700+, for assembling apparatus, per se, and see (3) Note, above. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 7,  Compound Tools, and see (2) Note,   above. 72,  Metal Deforming,   for cutting combined with deforming and for deforming of different types of combined with each other. 72,  Metal Deforming,   patents whose claimed disclosures include means for assembly have been placed in Class 29, subclasses 33+ , if they include cutting or any other diverse operation. (Screened per the Special Line Note above). 83,  Cutting,   patents claiming the combination of cutting and assembling (in accordance with (3), above, of the subclass definition) have been screened from Class 83 and transferred to Class 29, subclasses 33+ , except for claimed combinations wherein the assembling is limited to orienting, and stacking of products resulting from the cutting operation. This combination (cutting, orienting and stacking) is to be found in appropriate subclasses of Class 83. (Screened per the Special Line Note above). 83,  Cutting,   or a cutting device, per se, for cutting and stacking the cut work (product) see (.5) Note, above, for the line and see subclasses 84+ for a cutting device with means to form or hold a pile of product pieces. 100,  Presses,   for a press not elsewhere provided for, particularly, subclass 102 for a press combined with other features. 164,  Metal Founding,   for casting means in combination with cutting means for trimming the casting, while said casting is associated with the mold, or a portion of the mold. The term "mold" as used here includes (1) the core or cores, (2) core-like elements associated with gate portions of the casting and used for handling, and (3) conveying means serving to support a continuous casting while said casting is still associated with the molding means. All other casting in combination with cutting means for trimming the casting are classified in Class 29, subclasses 33+ . Further, see subclasses 418+ for continuous casting apparatus having roller means associated therewith for deforming the continuum as it is cast. 225,  Severing by Tearing or Breaking. (Screened per the Special Line Note above). 227,  Elongated-Member-Driving Apparatus,   for means to force a fastener into another member. (Screened per the Special Line Note above). 409,  Gear Cutting, Milling, or Planing,   subclass 71 for a milling machine having a thread or helix milling cutter combined with a nonthread milling cutter. 425,  Plastic Article or Earthenware Shaping or Treating: Apparatus,   for a combined apparatus including a shaping or reshaping molding means for plastic material not otherwise provided for. The combination of Class 425 apparatus and metal shaping apparatus is provided for in this subclass and the subclasses indented hereunder. (Screened per the Special Line Note above). 483,  Tool Changing,   subclasses 2 through 69for means for transferring a tool to or from a material treating station or a tool storage means, generally, including "Plural Diverse Manufacturing Apparatus" combined with means to transfer the tool to or from the tool station. (Screened per the Special Line Note above). 901,  Robots,   subcollection 6+ for a robot which cooperates with another machine.

33.2	Slide fastener or slide fastener element:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 33.  Apparatus for manufacturing by diverse operations a slide fastener of the nature indicated under subclass 408, or a working element thereof. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 408+, for a process of making a slide fastener. 766+, for apparatus which assembles a slide fastener or a portion thereof.

33.5	Binding or covering and cutting:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 33.  Apparatus for assembling a first element or portion thereof (a binding or covering) around an edge of a second element (a base) and into embracing or encompassing relationship with the second element, combined with means for cutting either element, i.e., the binding or covering or the base material.

33.52	Cutting covering material only:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 33.5.  Device having means for cutting only the binding or covering material.

34	Forging and bending, cutting or punching:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 33.  Apparatus adapted to forge or weld metal and also to perform one or more of the above-mentioned operations upon the metal. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   subclasses 185+ and 203+ for flexing metal back and forth as it is moving along a path. 100,  Presses,   subclasses 70+ for a press not elsewhere provided for where there is additional treatment of the material, particularly subclasses 94+ for such press in which the additional working is by cutting, breaking, piercing, or comminuting.

35.5	With turret mechanism:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 33.  Apparatus including plural tool and/or plural work holding means provided with means to position said holding means. (1) Note. Included in this subclass is a device specific to means to securing a tool in the turret and mechanism for mounting the turret upon its carriage or upon the lathe bed. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 74,  Machine Element or Mechanism,   subclasses 813+ for an assembly of general utility, including a turret mechanism for a metal working machine, having means to index rotary members, and see the notes thereto. 409,  Gear Cutting, Milling, or Planing,   subclass 221 for a milling machine having an indexable work support.

36	Multiple turret:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 35.5.  Apparatus having two or more turrets for carrying the tools or the stock. Nearly all of these machines have tool turrets.

37	Stock turret:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 563.  Apparatus in which a bar of metal stock of sufficient length to form more than one completed article is carried by a rotatable turret to the various tools. Multiple-tool holders in these patents are usually cam operated and are also provided with one or more rotary tools.

38	Blank turret:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 563.  Apparatus in which the blank, reduced to substantially the length of the finished article, is carried by turret into positions which enable it to be operated upon by various tools. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 470,  Threaded, Headed Fastener, or Washer Making: Process and Apparatus,   subclasses 62 , 72, 81, 100, 115, 120, 129,135 for machines using turret mechanisms for making threaded, headed fastener or washers.

38.9	Endless belt:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 563.  Device wherein the work conveying means comprises an elongated, generally planar, pliant member connected to itself along its elongated extent and adapted to move along its elongated extent in an orbital path such that work is conveyed as a segment of the member moves from a first point to a second; that segment then is guided to move along the orbit back to the first point. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 226,  Advancing Material of Indeterminate Length,   subclasses 170+ for an endless belt work advancing means.

39	Tool turret:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 35.5.  Apparatus in which some of all of the operating tools are carried by a rotatable turret and which are not classifiable in the following specific subclasses. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 408,  Cutting by Use of Rotating Axially Moving Tool,   subclass 35 for multiple spindle turret drilling machines. 470,  Threaded, Headed Fastener, or Washer Making: Process and Apparatus,   subclasses 72 and 81 for turret mechanisms for die tools used in making screws and bolts.

40	Rotary tool holder:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 39.  Apparatus having a rotatable turret which is provided with one or more positively-rotated tools.

41	Sliding tool holder:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 39.  Apparatus having rotatable tool turrets in which the tools are mounted upon sliding tool spindles which are thrust forward against the blank or stock, usually against the pressure of a spring.

42	Fluid operated:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 39.  Apparatus having a tool turret which is advanced toward and retracted from the work by means of fluid pressure. In some cases, fluid operating mechanisms are employed for actuating the supplemental cutting tools, speed controllers, etc. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 408,  Cutting by Use of Rotating Axially Moving Tool,   subclass 63 for drilling machines having a fluid operated motor to make work move along the axis of tool rotation and subclass 130 for drilling machines having a fluid operated motor to make a tool move along the axis of tool rotation.

43	Longitudinal turret axis:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 39.  Cam-operated apparatus having a rotatable tool-holding turret, the axis of which is disposed parallel to the lathe bed, and which is advanced toward and retracted from the work-holding chuck by cam-operated mechanisms. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 408,  Cutting by Use of Rotating Axially Moving Tool,   subclass 64 for drilling machines in which there is a cam for feeding the work along the tool axis and subclasses 100+ and 129+ for drilling machines in which there is a cam for feeding the tool along the tool axis.

44	Transverse turret axis:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 39.  Cam-operated apparatus having a rotatable tool-holding turret, the axis of which is disposed transversely of the lathe bed (including both vertical and horizontal axes), and which is advanced toward and retracted from the work-holding chuck by cam-operated mechanisms.

45	Lever operated:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 39.  Apparatus having a rotatable tool turret which is advanced toward and retracted from the stock-holding chuck by means of a lever or a system of levers, usually hand operated.

46	Rack-and-pinion operated:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 39.  Apparatus having a rotatable tool turret which is advanced toward and retracted from the work-holding chuck by rack-and-pinion mechanism. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 408,  Cutting by Use of Rotating Axially Moving Tool,   subclass 66 for drilling machines in which the work is made to move by means including a rack and pinion and subclasses 99+ and 135 for drilling machines in which the tool is made to move by means including a rack and pinion.

47	Screw operated:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 39.  Apparatus having a rotatable tool turret which is advanced toward and retracted from the stock-holding chuck by a screw-feeding mechanism. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 408,  Cutting by Use of Rotating Axially Moving Tool,   subclass 64 for drilling machines in which the work is made to move by means including a nut which rotates relative to a screw threaded member and subclasses 100+ and 129+ for drilling machines in which the tool is made to move by means including a nut which rotates relative to a screw threaded member.

48.5	Including rotating and/or locking means:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 35.5.  Apparatus including means to rotate said holding means or means to prevent rotation of such a holding means.

49	Frictional and positive:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 48.5.  Apparatus wherein the means to prevent or hold against rotation include friction, clamping, or wedging action between the turret and its carriage as well as a still further positive lock such as a bolt or latch.

50	Multiple-tool holder:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 33.  Apparatus including a single element intended to support more than one working member in engagement with a workpiece, either at the same or at different times.

51	Laterally movable stock holder:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 50.  Apparatus having a nonrevolvable tool holder carrying a plurality of tools (usually rotary) and a stock holder which is movable laterally to present the stock to the various tools.

52	Axial tool and transversely movable slide rest:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 50.  Apparatus having a nonrevolvable tool holder carrying a plurality of tools which is movable transversely of the machine bed and having in addition thereto a single tool holder adapted to operate in the axial line of the chuck.

53	Rotary tool spindle:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 52.  Apparatus having nonrevolvable tool holders carrying a plurality of tools which are movable transversely of the machine bed and having in addition thereto a single tool holder adapted to operate in the axial line of the chuck, one or more of said tool holders being provided with a rotary tool spindle. Usually the axial tool is rotatable.

54	Longitudinally and transversely movable:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 50.  Apparatus having a nonrevolvable tool holder carrying a plurality of tools which are adapted to be moved longitudinally of the machine bed to bring the tools into operation and transversely of the bed to shift the various tools into alignment with the stock or blank holder, or vice versa.

55	Rotary tool spindle:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 54.  Apparatus having a nonrevolvable tool holder carrying a plurality of tools provided with one or more positively-rotated tool spindles supported in such a manner as to be moved longitudinally of the machine bed to bring the tools into operation and transversely of the bed to shift the various tools into alignment with the stock or blank holder or vice versa.

56	Oscillating tool:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 50.  Apparatus having a nonrevolvable tool holder carrying a plurality of tools which are oscillated about a pivot to place the tools into operative position.

56.5	Including machining means:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 33.  Apparatus including a cutting instrumentality adapted to engage work to be treated by a subsequently acting means or to engage the product of a previously acting means to mill, cut, turn, bore, drill, abrade, broach, file, saw, punch, blank, or plane that work or product.

56.6	And work-holder for assembly:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 56.5.  Apparatus including a surface which contacts a work part to support or hold that part in a desired position while that work part is being juxtaposed, associated, or secured to another work part; or is being separated from and/or unfastened from another work part. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 269,  Work Holders,   for a work holding support without an assembly means.

57	Attachment:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 33.  Device such as special tool holders and tool-operating mechanisms which are adapted to be attached to and removed from combined machines, usually "automatic lathes", for the purpose of performing some special function upon the work. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 82,  Turning,   subclasses 152+ .

64	Speed controller:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 33.  Device for controlling or changing the speed of the various parts of automatic machines during the cycle of operations performed by the machines. Most of the speed controllers in this subclass are automatically operated. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 42, for fluid-operated speed controllers. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 82,  Turning,   subclasses 143+ .

65	Carriage stop mechanism:
	Automatic mechanism for stopping the feeding of the carriage which supports the turret or multiple tool or stock holder. These mechanisms are usually provided with devices for stopping the travel of the carriage at various points corresponding to the limit of the operations required by the successively-operating tools. (1) Note. This subclass includes adjustable stop abutments. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 82,  Turning,   subclasses 132+ , 137, and 152+ for carriage stop devices for lathes. 408,  Cutting by Use of Rotating Axially Moving Tool,   subclass 8 for drilling machines including control means energized in response to activator stimulated by condition sensor. 409,  Gear Cutting, Milling, or Planing,   subclass 343 for a planing machine including cutter positioning means and means to effect stopping of the positioning means.

76.1	FILING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for cutting metal by a hard instrument having a series of parallel, sharply ridged surfaces. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 69,  Leather Manufactures,   subclass 1 for a machine for roughing leather by a filing action and subclass 20 for an implement employed for the same purpose. 76,  Metal Tools and Implements, Making,   subclass 25.1 for a machine for filing saws to sharpen them and subclasses 82+ for a machine for filing other tools to sharpen them. 132,  Toilet,   subclasses 76.4+ for a manicuring tool which has a file or other abrading or polishing surface. 144,  Woodworking,   subclasses 28.1+ for a pencil sharpening machine (i.e., one including movably related cutter and work holder or work guide parts) in which the cutter is a file. 157,  Wheelwright Machines,   subclass 13 for a process or apparatus for treating the outer periphery of a rubber tire casing by a slitting or machining operation which art, in the absence of this subclass, would ordinarily be classified in accord with the particular operation. See Class 451, Abrading, for roughening a rubber tire casing by an operation of that class. 168,  Farriery,   subclass 48.1 for a tool including a file for cleaning and trimming the hoof in fitting it for the shoe. 433,  Dentistry,   subclass 144 for a file particularly adapted for cutting tooth structure or bone and gum tissue adjacent to or in the mouth. 451,  Abrading,   for abrading to shape a workpiece.

76.2	Of key article:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 76.1.  Process or apparatus for cutting an implement provided with notches and grooves wherein the implement is insertable into and capable of opening and closing a lock. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 409,  Gear Cutting, Milling, or Planing,   subclasses 81+ for a process or apparatus for producing a key by milling.

76.3	Continuous band type:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 76.1.  Process or apparatus wherein the instrument comprises an endless belt. (1) Note. The endless belt or band of this subclass is generally composed of a single piece of flexible material but may consist of a number of elements such as in link-type endless belt of loop.

76.4	Reciprocating type:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 76.1.  Process or apparatus wherein the instrument moves in a back and forth motion.

77	File-blank stripper:
	Process or apparatus for preparing file blanks by filing the surfaces of the rough blanks. (1) Note. Machines for grinding the surfaces of file blanks are classified elsewhere. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 76,  Metal Tools and Implements, Making,   subclasses 12+ for a machine for forming a rib or teeth in making a file or a rasp and see the notes thereto for other file forming. 403,  Joints and Connections,   for means connecting a handle to a tool wherein only such part of the handle and tool is included as cooperates to effect the connection. 451,  Abrading,   for machines for grinding the surfaces of file blanks.

81.01	SCALE REMOVER OR PREVENTOR:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for removing metallic oxide, sulfide, or a similar metallic surface deposit from metal article, strip, sheet, and bar or for preventing such a surface deposit from building up. (1) Note. The scale removed from the metal is not foreign matter as removed by the apparatus of Class 15, Brushing, Scrubbing, and General Cleaning, but is a surface deposit having a metallic component such as magnetic oxide formed on the surface of iron when heated for processing. (2) Note. Preventing metallic surface deposits by modifying environment in contact with metal is classified elsewhere. (3) Note. Removal must be by mechanical means. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 15,  Brushing, Scrubbing, and General Cleaning,   for related apparatus, particularly, subclasses 77 and 88 for brushing machines for sheets, bars, and plates. 72,  Metal Deforming,   subclasses 39 and 40 for a step or means for performing the separation or removal from the work material of all substances which may be present thereon and distinguishable from the work material, per se, before, during, or after the deforming operation. 83,  Cutting,   subclass 168 for device under the class definition wherein means are provided to remove foreign matter from the work or tool. 114,  Ships,   subclass 222 for devices adapted to cleaning, painting, or scraping a ship"s hull or preventing the growth and deposit of foreign matter thereon. 118,  Coating Apparatus,   subclasses 72+ for apparatus for combined cleaning and coating of metal. 134,  Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids,   for a miscellaneous process of cleaning metal including metal pickling. 148,  Metal Treatment,   appropriate subclasses for cleaning or pickling processes combined with significant heat treatment of metal to modify or maintain the internal physical structure (i.e., microstructure) or chemical properties of metal. See the Class 148 definition for a description of what constitutes significant heat treatment. 205,  Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,   subclasses 210+ for combined processes of metal cleaning and electrolytic methods of cleaning metal. 228,  Metal Fusion Bonding,   subclasses 164+ for a process for preparing metal parts for joining. 422,  Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing,   subclasses 7+ for preventing metallic surface deposits by modifying environment in contact with metal 451,  Abrading,   for a process or apparatus of cleaning by use of an abradant. 510,  Cleaning, Compositions for Solid Surfaces, Auxiliary Compositions Therefor, or Processes of Preparing the Compositions,   for cleaning compositions, including detergents, particularly subclasses 245+ for scale removing and metal cleaning compositions; this class also provides for processes involving the mere use of such compositions.

81.02	For hollow workpiece:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 81.01.  Process or apparatus for removing scale from the surfaces of a tubular or open cylindrical article. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 15,  Brushing, Scrubbing, and General Cleaning,   subclass 88 for a machine having a cleaning instrument of the brush or broom type especially adapted for cleaning wire, rods, or tubes.

81.021	Interior surface:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 81.02.  Process or apparatus which removes scale from the inwardly facing surface of the hollow article. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 15,  Brushing, Scrubbing, and General Cleaning,   subclass 88 for a machine having a cleaning instrument of the brush or broom type especially adapted for cleaning wire, rods, or tubes. 134,  Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids,   subclasses 22.1+ for a process which includes treating work such as bottles, tubes, or other work having cavities by application of the treating agent to the interior surfaces.

81.03	Rolling deformation or deflection:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 81.01.  Process or apparatus wherein a plurality of roll elements are utilized to bend or misshape the workpiece causing scale to break away from the surface thereof. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   subclass 127 for apparatus and methods in which metal is worked by bending it back and forth and proceeding with such working continuously along the metal to treat successive portions similarly, i.e., metal flexing, per se.

81.04	For wire or rod:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 81.03.  Process or apparatus which removes scale from a slender elongated flexible (wire) or inflexible (rod) member.

81.05	With rotary head:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 81.01.  Process or apparatus which utilizes a body which is driven about an axis upon which there is integral with, or mounted thereon, scale removal means. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 407,  Cutter for Shaping,   subclasses 30+ for a device including a cutter adapted to turn about an axis and including structure for supporting that cutter for rotation.

81.06	Fluid impingement:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 81.01.  Process or apparatus which removes scale by loosening it with the aid of fluid generally applied with force. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 239,  Fluid Sprinkling, Spraying, and Diffusing,   for nozzle and related structure for applying fluid to a workpiece.

81.07	With heater:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 81.06.  Process or apparatus wherein the impinging fluid is maintained at a relatively high temperature (i.e., hot gas, etc.).

81.08	Liquid jet:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 81.06.  Process or apparatus wherein the fluid is in liquid form.

81.09	Airblast:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 81.06.  Process or apparatus wherein the fluid is in gaseous form.

81.1	Chainer:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 81.01.  Process or apparatus wherein the work contacting members comprise a series of links. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 59,  Chain, Staple, and Horseshoe Making,   subclasses 78+ for general purpose chain structure.

81.11	Scraper or scalper:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 81.01.  Process or apparatus wherein the workpiece is contacted by an edged instrument to remove or scalp the scale from a surface thereof. (1) Note. Placement in this subclass requires more than cutting away small pieces of scale from a surface with a sharpened blade or chisel which is classified in subclass 81.16. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 15,  Brushing, Scrubbing, and General Cleaning,   subclass 93.1 for a machine in which the sole cleaning instruments are scrapers.

81.12	Brush type:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 81.01.  Process or apparatus wherein the work contacting member has a plurality of anchored bristles which loosen or remove the scale. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 15,  Brushing, Scrubbing, and General Cleaning,   subclass 21.1 for a cleaning machine whose cleaning instruments are of the brush type.

81.13	Mechanically powered operator:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 81.01.  Process or apparatus wherein a mechanically driven work contacting member removes the scale.

81.14	Tack or needle type:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 81.13.  Process or apparatus wherein the work contacting member includes a plurality of narrow ended elongated members mounted adjacently in a work engaging orientation.

81.15	Hammer:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 81.13.  Process or apparatus wherein the work contacting member includes a solid head for striking the workpiece to break and/or loosen the scale. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 7,  Compound Tools,   subclasses 143+ for a tool comprising an impacting instrument having the dominant or general structure of a hammer.

81.16	Blade or chisel:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 81.13.  Process or apparatus wherein the work contacting member includes a cutting member such as a blade or chisel.

81.17	Hand tool:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 81.01.  Process or apparatus wherein a manually driven or guided work contacting member is employed to remove or prevent scale. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 15,  Brushing, Scrubbing, and General Cleaning,   for pertinent subclass(es) as determined by schedule review. 76,  Metal Tools and Implements, Making,   for pertinent subclass(es) as determined by schedule review. 81,  Tools,   for all hand tools not structurally limited to any classified art.

89.5	BURNING IN, WEARING IN, OR OIL BURNISHING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Apparatus for burning in or wearing in the bearings of engines, usually internal-combustion engines, and running in or oil burnishing to limber the bearings and to test for detection of oil leakage at the joints of the casings. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 404, for a process of treating or assembling a part or parts while effecting similar forces or maintaining a similar environment to substantially duplicate those forces or environmental factors encountered in actual use of the part or parts.

90.01	BURNISHING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Process or apparatus for condensing, compacting, smoothing, or polishing the surface of an article by rubbing or otherwise engaging the article with means having a smooth surface of greater hardness than that of the article. (1) Note. Burnishing, by its nature, prevents any significant removal of surface material from a treated article or workpiece. This lack of material removal distinguished burnishing from grinding or abrading (which generally results in integral surface removal of material) and cleaning (which generally results in the removal of foreign material from the surface of material). Consequently, grinding or abrading is generally provided for in Class 451, while cleaning is generally provided for in Class 15. (2) Note. See the Class Definition, paragraph 2, of this class (29). (3) Note. This subclass includes blasting an article with metal shot when not classifiable in Class 72, Metal Deforming, subclass 53. See the definition thereof including notes for the line. Search Class 15, Brushing, Scrubbing, and General Cleaning, subclass 95 for a device or process of shotting material to clean it. (4) Note. This subclass includes a metal rolling device for compacting the interior surface of an opening. For apparatus of like structure employed for expanding or a flanging tube, search Class 72, Metal Deforming, subclasses 115 and 317. (5) Note. This subclass includes a burnisher in combination with a cutter where the combined device may be employed for burnishing without cutting. For a reamer which has a guiding portion which may burnish but has a cutter which is necessarily used during such burnishing, see Class 408, Cutting by Use of Rotating Axially Moving Tool, subclass 199. (6) Note. This subclass includes a broach-like device which is forced through an opening in order to burnish the inside of the opening. For a broach, i.e., a tool having sharp cutting edges, which is similarly forced through a hole for the purpose of cutting the interior thereof, search Class 407, Cutters, for Shaping, subclasses 1 and 13+. (7) Note. This is the residual home for burnishing, not only of metal, but of any material unless provided for elsewhere. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 12,  Boot and Shoe Making,   subclass 70 for a boot or shoe burnishing machine and subclass 104 for a boot or shoe burnishing hand tool. 15,  Brushing, Scrubbing, and General Cleaning,   subclass 95 and see (5) Note, above. 38,  Textiles: Ironing or Smoothing,   as the generic class for a process or apparatus for producing a smooth appearance on the surface of a textile article or fabric by pressing, stretching, rolling, sliding contact, or other means. 69,  Leather Manufactures,   particularly, subclass 17 for leather strap finishing by burnishing and subclasses 37 to 47 and subclass, 21 for a machine or process of burnishing leather. 72,  Metal Deforming, and see (5) and (6) Notes,   above. 100,  Presses,   for a press not elsewhere provided for. 205,  Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,   subclass 222 for burnishing steps combined with electrolytic coating and subclass 141.5 for electrolytic polishing. 396,  Photography,   subclasses 658+ for burnishing means for photos:graphic images. 407,  Cutters, for Shaping,   subclass 13 for a broaching machine and see (6) Note, above. 428,  Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,   subclass 687 for metallic stock material having a defined surface feature, e.g., smoothness. 451,  Abrading,   subclasses 36+ for a process of abrading by fluent abradant (especially subclasses 38+ for a process of sand blasting) and subclasses 75+ for a sandblasting machine.